கஞ்சிபாய்

கஞ்சிபாய் வேலைஇல்லாமல் கஸ்டபட்டு ஒரு சாகசம் செய்யிற கம்பனில வேலை எடுத்தார்,
அவரிண்ட வேலை, பாதாள கிணத்துக்குள்ள மோட்டசைக்கிள் ஓடுறது...

பலநாள் ஓடினதால அவருக்கு அது மிக பளக்கம் ஆகிடுது....

ஒருநாள் ஒரு பத்திரிகையாளர் கஞ்சிபாயை Interview பண்ண வந்தார்....

கஞ்சிபாயுக்கு மிகுந்த சந்தோசம்... தன்னை பெரிய ஆளாக காட்டிக்கொள்ள நினைத்தார்.....

interview பண்ண வந்தவருடன் கதைத்தார் நம்ம கஞ்சி..

INT: வணக்கம்
கஞ்சி : வணக்கம்

INT:உங்களுக்கு இந்த கலை எப்படி வந்தது?
கஞ்சி :எங்கட பரம்பரையே இந்த தொளிள்தான் (பெருமைக்காக)

சில கேள்விகளின் பின்,,,,

INT:உங்கட தாத்தா எப்படி இறந்தார்?
கஞ்சி :அவரா... இப்படி மோட்டார் சைக்கிள்சாகசம் செய்யும்போது.. விபத்தில செத்திட்டார்

INT:உங்கட அப்பா?
கஞ்சி :அவரும் சாகசம் செய்துகொண்டே செத்திட்டார்,

INT:எல்லாரும் சாகசம் செய்யேகயே செத்தவங்கள் எண்டு சொல்லுறிங்களே, உங்களுக்கு இந்த சாகசம் செய்ய பயமா இல்லயா??
கஞ்சி :பதில்சொல்ல முன்னை நான் உங்கள சில கேள்வி கேக்கவா??

INT:ஓம்

கஞ்சி :உங்கட தாத்தா எப்படி இறந்தார்?
INT:அவரா, அவர் Normal ஆ படுத்திருக்கும் போது செத்திட்டார்,

கஞ்சி :உங்கட அப்பா?
INT:அவரும் படுக்கேலயே செத்திட்டார்...

கஞ்சி :எல்லாரும் படுக்கேக்க செத்தவெங்கள் எண்டுறியலே... உங்களுக்கு படுக்க பயமா இல்லயா??

INT:O(

கஞ்சிபாயா கொக்கா!!!!!

சர்வதேசம் இலங்கை பிரச்சனையில் தலையிட வேண்டுமா ? CNN VOTE YES

Please vote YES

http://internationaldesk.blogs.cnn.com/

தயவு செய்து தமிழனாய் பிறந்த ஒவ்வோருவனும் ஆம் என தெருவியுங்கள்..
இல்லை எண்றால் இலங்கை தமிழ் இனம் இன்னும் சில நாட்களில் அழிந்து விடும்..

இந்த post கு வாக்களிப்பதன் மூலம் இதை முதல்தரத்துக்கு கொண்டு வந்து எல்லாரையும் பார்க்கும் படி செய்யவும்

Machine Guns: Guns and Gun Systems

Gatling Gun
In the 1800s, gun manufacturers worked up a number of mechanisms to address the problems of limited firing ability. A lot of these early machine guns combined several barrels and firing hammers into a single unit. Among the most popular designs was the Gatling gun, named after its inventor Richard Jordan Gatling. You can see how this weapon works in the diagram below.

This weapon, the first machine gun to gain widespread popularity, consists of six to 10 gun barrels positioned in a cylinder. Each barrel has its own breech and firing pin system. To operate the gun, you turn a crank, which revolves the barrels inside the cylinder. Each barrel passes under an ammunition hopper, or carrousel magazine, as it reaches the top of the cylinder. A new cartridge falls into the breech, and the barrel is loaded.

Each firing pin has a small cam head that catches hold of a slanted groove in the gun body. As each barrel revolves around the cylinder, the groove pulls the pin backward, pushing in on a tight spring. Just after a new cartridge is loaded into the breech, the firing-pin cam slides out of the groove, and the spring propels it forward. The pin hits the cartridge, firing the bullet down the barrel. When each barrel revolves around to the bottom of the cylinder, the spent cartridge shell falls out of an ejection port.

Photo courtesy Department of Defense A U.S. airman fires a GAU-17 mini-gun from a UH-1 Huey during training exercises in Australia. Mini-guns are modern updates of the Gatling gun, with an electric motor, rather than a hand-crank, to rotate the barrels.

The Gatling gun played an important role in several 19th century battles, but it wasn't until the early 20th century that the machine gun really established itself. In the next section, we'll look at the next major step in machine gun evolution.

Fully Automatic
The Gatling gun is often considered a machine gun because it shoots a large number of bullets in a short amount of time. But unlike modern machine guns, it is not fully automatic. You have to keep cranking if you want to keep shooting. The first fully automatic machine gun is credited to an American named Hiram Maxim. Maxim's remarkable gun could shoot more than 500 rounds per minute, giving it the firepower of about 100 rifles.

Hiram Maxim and one of his early machine gun designs: When Maxim introduced his weapon to the British army in 1885, he changed the battlefield forever.

The basic idea behind Maxim's gun, as well as the hundreds of machine gun designs that followed, was to use the power of the cartridge explosion to reload and re-cock the gun after each shot. There are three basic mechanisms for harnessing this power:

• Recoil systems
• Blowback systems
• Gas mechanisms

In the next couple of sections, we'll discuss each of these systems.

Machine Guns: Recoil Systems

In a gun built like a revolver, this recoil force just pushes the gun back at the shooter. But in a recoil-based machine gun, moving mechanisms inside the gun absorb some of this recoil force. You can see how this works in the diagram below.

Here's the process: To prepare this gun to fire, you pull the breech bolt (1) back, so it pushes in the rear spring (2). The trigger sear (3) catches onto the bolt and holds it in place. The feed system runs an ammunition belt through the gun, loading a cartridge into the breech (more on this later). When you pull the trigger, it releases the bolt, and the spring drives the bolt forward. The bolt pushes the cartridge from the breech into the chamber. The impact of the bolt firing pin on the cartridge ignites the primer, which explodes the propellant, which drives the bullet down the barrel.

The barrel and the bolt have a locking mechanism that fastens them together on impact. In this gun, both the bolt and the barrel can move freely in the gun housing. The force of the moving bullet applies an opposite force on the barrel, pushing it and the bolt backward. As the bolt and barrel slide backward, they move past a metal piece that unlocks them. When the pieces separate, the barrel spring (4) pushes the barrel forward, while the bolt keeps moving backward.

The bolt is connected to an extractor, which removes the spent shell from the barrel. There are a number of extractor systems in modern guns, but the basic idea in all of them is fairly simple. In a typical system, the extractor has a small lip that grips onto a narrow rim at the base of the shell. As the bolt recoils, the extractor slides with it, pulling the empty shell backward.

The backward motion of the bolt also activates the ejection system. The ejector's job is to remove the spent shell from the extractor and drive it out of an ejection port (more on this later).

When the spent shell is extracted, the feeding system can load a new cartridge into the breech. If you keep the trigger depressed, the rear spring will drive the bolt against the new cartridge, starting the whole cycle over again. If you release the trigger, the sear will catch hold of the bolt and keep it from swinging forward.

Machine Guns: Blowback System

A blowback system is something like a recoil system, except the barrel is fixed in the gun housing and the barrel and bolt do not lock together. You can see how this mechanism works in the diagram below.

Click and hold the trigger to see how a blowback-action gun fires. For simplicity's sake, this animation doesn't show the cartridge loading, extraction and ejection mechanisms. See the "Machine Gun Feeding: Belt System" section to find out how these components work.

This gun has a sliding bolt (3) held in place by a spring, a spring-driven cartridge magazine (5), and a trigger mechanism (1). When you slide the bolt back, the trigger sear (2) holds it in place. When you pull the trigger, the sear releases the bolt, and the spring drives it forward. After the bolt chambers the cartridge, the firing pin sets off the primer, which ignites the propellant.

The explosive gas from the cartridge drives the bullet down the barrel. At the same time, the gas pressure pushes in the opposite direction, forcing the bolt backward. As in the recoil system, an extractor pulls the shell out of the barrel, and the ejector forces it out of the gun. A new cartridge lines up in front of the bolt just before the spring pushes the bolt forward, starting the process all over again. This continues as long as you hold the trigger down and there is ammunition feeding into the system.

Photo courtesy NARA A U.S. Marine, fighting in Okinawa, Japan, during World War II, fires a military-issue Thompson's submachine gun. The Thompson's, commonly known as the "Tommy gun," was a popular weapon with both soldiers and gangsters in the 1930s and '40s.

Machine Guns: Gas System

This gun is basically the same as a blowback-system gun, but the rear force of the explosion doesn't propel the bolt backward. Instead, the forward gas pressure pushes the bolt back. When the bolt swings forward to fire a cartridge, it locks onto the barrel. Once the bullet makes its way down the barrel, the expanding gasses can bleed off into the cylinder above the barrel. This gas pressure pushes the piston backward, moving it along the bottom of the bolt. The sliding piston first unlocks the bolt from the barrel, and then pushes the bolt back so a new cartridge can enter the breech.

The diagrams we've presented only depict particular examples of how these systems work. There are hundreds of machine gun models in existence, each with its own specific firing mechanism. These guns differ in a number of other ways as well. In the next two sections, we'll look at some of the key differences between various machine gun models.

Machine Gun Feeding: Spring and Hopper System

Photo courtesy Department of Defense A U.S. Marine training with an M16A2 5.56mm assault rifle: Assault rifles, relatively lightweight, magazine-fed automatic weapons, are the gun of choice for a wide range of ground combat scenarios.

A similar system is the ammunition hopper, such as the one used in a Gatling gun. Hoppers are just metal boxes that fit on top of the machine gun mechanism. One by one, the cartridges fall out of the hopper and into the breech. Hoppers can hold a good amount of ammunition, and they're easy to reload, but they are fairly cumbersome and only work if the gun is positioned right side up.

Machine Gun Feeding: Belt System

For sheer volume of ammunition, the belt system is usually the best option. Ammunition belts consist of a long string of cartridges fastened together with pieces of canvas or, more often, attached by small metal links. Guns that use this sort of ammo have a feed mechanism driven by the recoil motion of the bolt. You can see how this sort of mechanism works in the diagram below.

Top-view diagram of a common feed mechanism

The bolt (1) in this gun has a small cam roller (5) on top of it. As the bolt moves, the cam roller slides back and forth in a long, grooved feed cam piece (2). When the cam roller slides forward, it pushes the feed cam to the right against a return spring (6). When the cam roller slides backward, the spring pushes the cam back to the left. As it moves, the feed cam pivots a feed cam lever from side to side. The feed cam lever is attached to a spring-loaded pawl (8), a curved gripper that rests on top of the ammunition belt. As the cam and lever move, the pawl moves out, grabs onto a cartridge and pulls the belt through the gun. When the bolt moves forward, it pushes the next cartridge into the chamber. You can see how this works in the diagram below.

Click and hold the trigger to see
how the loading and ejection system works.

The feed system drives the ammunition belt through cartridge guides (2) just above the breech. As the bolt slides forward, the top of it pushes on the next cartridge in line. This drives the cartridge out of the belt, against the chambering ramp (3). The chambering ramp forces the cartridge down in front of the bolt. The bolt has a small extractor, which grips the base of the cartridge shell when the cartridge slides into place. As the cartridge slides in front of the bolt, it depresses the spring-loaded ejector (6).

When the firing pin hits the primer, propelling the bullet down the barrel, the explosive force drives the operating rod and attached bolt backward. The extractor pulls the spent shell out of the breech. As the bolt keeps moving backward, the spring-loaded ejector pushes on the base of the shell. When the shell clears the chamber wall, the ejector springs forward, popping the shell out of the gun through the ejection port.

This system lets you fire continuously without reloading. Theoretically, you could make ammunition belts of any length, so they are a great means of providing a constant supply of ammunition. The problem is that the belt is fairly cumbersome, and there's a relatively high likelihood of the feed mechanism jamming.

The Vickers MK1 belt-fed machine gun, a favorite of the British military, played a crucial role in World War I and World War II. The gun is cooled with a special water-filled jacket. As the water boils, the steam flows out to a collection can, where it condenses back into a liquid for re-use.

Photo courtesy Department of Defense Heavier machine guns, such as this .50-caliber M-2, may be mounted on tanks, jeeps, boats and helicopters.

Gun manufacturers are continually adding new modifications to machine guns, but the basic mechanism has remained the same for more than a hundred years. Whether or not you've ever held a machine gun, or even seen one, this device has had a profound effect on your life. Machine guns have had a hand in dissolving nations, repressing revolutions, overthrowing governments and ending wars. In no uncertain terms, the machine gun is one of the most important military developments in the history of man.

For additional information about machine guns and related topics, check out the links on the following page.

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Tamil (தமிழ் tamiḻ; IPA: [t̪əmɨɻ]) is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent. It has official status in India, Sri Lanka and Singapore. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in Malaysia, Mauritius, Vietnam, Réunion as well as emigrant communities around the world.^[1] It is the administrative language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and the first Indian language to be declared as a classical language by the government of India in 2004.

Tamil literature has existed for over two thousand years.^[8] The earliest epigraphic records found date from around the third century BCE.^[9] The earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from the 300 BCE – 300 CE.^[10][11] Inscriptions in Tamil Language from 1st century BCE and 2nd century CE have been discovered in Egypt and Thailand.^[12][13] The first two ancient manuscripts from India,^[14][15] to be acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 & 2005 were in Tamil.^[16] According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies.^[17] More than 55% of the epigraphical inscriptions, about 55,000, found by the Archaeological Survey of India in India are in Tamil language^[18]

[edit] Classification

Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around twenty-six languages native to the Indian subcontinent.^[19] It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, which alongside Tamil proper, also includes the languages of about 35 ethno-linguistic groups^[20] such as the Irula, and Yerukula languages (see SIL Ethnologue).

The closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam. Until about the ninth century, Malayalam was a dialect of Tamil^[21] Although many of the differences between Tamil and Malayalam evidence a pre-historic split of the western dialect,^[22] the process of separation into distinct language, Malayalam was not completed until sometime in the 13th or 14th century.^[23]

[edit] Etymology

The exact period when the name "Tamil" came to be applied to the language is unclear, as is the precise etymology of the name. Southworth suggests that the name comes from tam-miz > tam-iz 'self-speak', or 'one's own speech'.^[24] Zvelebil suggests an etymology of tam-iz, with tam meaning "self" or "one's self", and "-iz" having the connotation of "unfolding sound". Alternately, he suggests a derivation of tamiz < id="cite_ref-24" class="reference">[25]

[edit] History

Ancient Tamil inscription at the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur

The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil date to c. the 3rd century BCE.^[26][27] It flourished in India as a language with a rich literature during the Sangam period (300 BCE to 300 CE).^[26][28] With an estimated 30,000 inscriptions, Tamil has the largest number of inscriptions in South Asia.^[29]

The Tamil Sangam literature is the oldest extant literature in any Dravidian language^[30] Literary works in India were preserved either in palm leaf manuscripts (implying repeated copying and recopying) or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible.^[31] External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that the oldest extant works were probably compiled sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 10th century CE.^[32][33][34]

Tamil scholars categorize the history of the language into three periods,

• Old Tamil (300 BC - 700 CE),
• Middle Tamil (700 - 1600)
• Modern Tamil (1600–present).^[35]

[edit] Old Tamil

Epigraphic attestation of Tamil begins with rock inscriptions from the 3rd century BC, written in Tamil-Brahmi, an adapted form of the Brahmi script.^[36] The earliest extant literary text is the Tolkāppiyam, a work on poetics and grammar that describes the language of the classical period, dated variously between the 3rd century BCE and 5th century CE.

The Sangam literature contains about 50,000 lines of poetry contained in 2,381 poems attributed to 473 poets including many women poets.^[37][38] Many of the poems of Sangam period were also set to music.^[39]

During the post-Sangam period of Old Tamil, important works like Thirukkural and epic poems were composed, including Silappatikaram, Manimekalai, Sīvakacintāmani, Valaiyapathi and Kundalakesi. These latter five works are known as the five great epics.

[edit] Middle Tamil

The Bhakthi period is known for the great outpouring of devotional songs set to pann music, including over eight thousand Tevaram verses on Saivism and Nalayira Divya Prabandham (four thousand verses) on Vaishnavism.^[40] The mediaeval period gave rise to a popular adaptation of the Ramayana in Tamil, known as Kamba Ramayanam (12th century) and a story of 63 Nayanmars known as Periyapuranam (13th century).^[41]

In the later medieval period (14th to 16th century), Tamil became increasingly Sanskritized, to the point of the emergence of a mixed language known as maṇippiravāḷam.

[edit] Modern Tamil

In the early 20th century, the Pure Tamil Movement called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil.^[42] It received some support from Dravidian parties and nationalists who supported Tamil independence.^[43] This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents.^[44] Tamil writers have won the Jnanpith awards twice.

அரங்கு அழுத